河流之间的土地：伊拉克5000年历史，美国版

English | September 10th, 2024 | ISBN: 0802162509 | 576 pages | True EPUB | 7.31 MB

The epic, five millennia history of the region between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers that was the birthplace of civilization and remains today the essential crossroads between East and West

At the start of the fourth millennium BC, at the edge of historical time, civilization first arrived with the advent of cities and the invention of writing that began to replace legend with history. This occurred on the floodplains of southern Iraq where the great rivers Tigris and Euphrates meet the Persian Gulf. By 3000 BC, a city called Uruk (from which "Iraq" is derived) had 80,000 residents. Indeed, as Bartle Bull reveals in his magisterial history, "if one divides the 5,000 years of human civilization into ten periods of five centuries each, during the first nine of these the world's leading city was in one of the three regions of current day Iraq"—or to use its Greek name, Mesopotamia.

Inspired by extensive reporting from the region to spend a decade delving deep into its history, Bull chronicles the story of Iraq from the exploits of Gilgamesh (almost certainly an historical figure) to the fall of the Iraqi monarchy in 1958 that ushered in its familiar modern era. The land between the rivers has been the melting pot and battleground of countless outsiders, from the Akkadians of Hammurabi and the Greeks of Alexander to the Ottomans of Suleiman the Magnificent. Here, by the waters of Babylon, Judaism was born and the Sunni-Shia schism took its bloody shape.

Central themes play out over the millennia: humanity's need for freedom versus the co-eternal urge of tyranny; the ever-present conflict and cross-fertilization of East and West with Iraq so often the hinge. We tend to view today's tensions in the Middle East through the prism of the last hundred years since the Treaty of Versailles imposed a controversial realignment of its borders. Bartle Bull's remarkable, sweeping achievement reminds us that the region defined by the land between the rivers has for five millennia played a uniquely central role on the global stage.

英文| 2024年9月10日|国际标准图书编号：0802162509 | 576页|真正的EPUB | 7.31 MB 底格里斯河和幼发拉底河之间地区的史诗般的五千年历史，是文明的发源地，今天仍然是东西方之间的重要十字路口 公元前四千年初，在历史时间的边缘，文明首先随着城市的出现和文字的发明而到来，文字开始用历史取代传说。这发生在伊拉克南部的洪泛区，底格里斯河和幼发拉底河在那里与波斯湾交汇。到公元前3000年，一个名为乌鲁克的城市（“伊拉克”的来源）有8万居民。事实上，正如巴特尔·布尔在其权威历史中所揭示的那样，“如果将5000年的人类文明分为十个时期，每个时期五个世纪，在前九个时期，世界领先的城市位于当今伊拉克的三个地区之一”，或者用它的希腊名字美索不达米亚。 受该地区广泛报道的启发，布尔花了十年时间深入研究其历史，记录了伊拉克的故事，从吉尔伽美什（几乎可以肯定是一位历史人物）的功绩到1958年伊拉克君主制的垮台，这标志着其熟悉的现代时代的到来。河流之间的土地一直是无数外来者的熔炉和战场，从汉谟拉比的阿卡德人和亚历山大的希腊人到苏莱曼大帝的奥斯曼人。在这里，在巴比伦的水边，犹太教诞生了，逊尼派和什叶派的分裂形成了血腥的形态。 几千年来，核心主题一直在上演：人类对自由的需求与暴政的共同永恒冲动；东西方与伊拉克之间持续存在的冲突和相互促进往往是关键。我们倾向于从《凡尔赛条约》对其边界进行有争议的重新调整以来的过去一百年来的角度来看待中东今天的紧张局势。Bartle Bull的卓越而全面的成就提醒我们，五千年来，由河流之间的土地所定义的地区在全球舞台上发挥了独特的核心作用。

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