通过地理科学理解癌症预防

English | 2024 | ISBN: 978-3-031-66413-7 | 325 pages | True EPUB PDF | 62 MB

The worldwide cancer burden will double over the next two decades, with the number of new cancer diagnoses increasing in all regions of the world. However, it is estimated that around 40% of all cancers are preventable through the appropriate application of existing epidemiological and public health knowledge, and with further research this proportion will increase considerably. This edited volume explores the role of place in cancer prevention and how geospatial tools can be used to support this globally important goal. Its chapters detail many aspects of the application of geospatial science to cancer control, including quantifying exposure to environmental carcinogens, access to screening services, the importance of partnership building, and more through a variety of geographically diverse case studies. The book also offers background on geospatial modeling tools and methods for adding spatial analysis to cancer surveillance systems. The book is rooted firmly in the notion that geography significantly influences the accumulation of cancer risks (at the individual and community level) that are modifiable through policy, regulatory, and behavioral changes.

The landscape of cancer prevention is vast, encompassing the building blocks of population and public health—i.e., epidemiology and causation—through risk factor modifications, behavior and policy change, to the interface of the cellular with society, including epigenetic modifications and gene/environment interactions, cancer genomics and precision medicine/health. It is clear that geography (space, place, setting, context) is central to all these activities. Geospatial methods and data support risk factor identification, can elucidate the interaction between individual behavioral, demographic, and genetic factors with community level contextual factors, and can be used to prioritize interventions more accurately towards at-risk people and at-risk population groups. Geography is also central to the organization of health services and hence, by definition, is fundamental to the organization of preventative services. More broadly, adopting a geographical approach can help move cancer prevention beyond a narrow medical definition of health, to tackle the upstream and structural determinants of cancer.

全球癌症负担将在接下来的二十年内翻倍，全球各个地区的新癌症诊断数量都将增加。然而，据估计，通过合理应用现有的流行病学和公共卫生知识，约有40%的癌症是可以通过预防的，随着进一步研究这一比例将显著提高。本辑编著探讨了地理位置在癌症预防中的作用，并且如何利用地理空间工具来支持这一全球重要目标。本书各章节详细介绍了将地理空间科学应用于癌症控制的方法，包括量化暴露于环境致癌物、筛查服务的可及性、伙伴关系建立的重要性等通过各种地理多样性案例研究进行阐述。此外，该书还提供有关地理空间建模工具和方法以增加癌前监测系统中的空间分析背景知识。 预防癌症的景观十分宏大，涵盖了人口与公共卫生的基础要素——流行病学和因果关系——一直到风险因素修改、行为和政策变化，再到细胞和社会之间的界面，包括表观遗传修饰和基因/环境交互作用、癌症基因组学以及精准医疗/健康。很明显，地理（空间、地点、背景、语境）在所有这些活动中都是核心要素。地理方法和技术有助于识别风险因素，可以阐明个体行为、人口特征和遗传因素与社区层面的背景因素之间的相互作用，并可被用来更准确地优先考虑针对高危人群和高危人群组的干预措施。此外，地理学对于健康服务组织至关重要，因此，本质上是预防性服务组织的基础。 在广义上来说，采用一种地理视角有助于将癌症预防超越狭隘的医学定义健康领域，以应对癌症的根本和结构性因素。

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