刑事审判中的法医枪支：法律、调查和科学方面的要求

English | 2024 | ISBN: 9781351023863 | 147 pages | True PDF | 5 MB

Over the last two‑plus decades, the scientific validity of the principles that underpin identifying a firearm from recovered fired ammunition has been a core issue for the admissibility of expert evidence in criminal trials in the United States. The issues that dominated the determinative points, as they related to the scientific and technological analysis, centered around the following: the validity of uniqueness of firearms, subjective methodology, the potential rate of error, unknown statistical certainty and unsatisfactory proficiency tests. These issues have essentially become the legal requirement for admissibility of experts’ opinion on the linkage of firearms with fired ammunition, an important forensic opinion that connects the crime with the perpetrator through the weapon of offence.

In Forensic Firearms in Criminal Trials: Legal, Investigative, and Scientific Aspects, internationally renowned forensic firearm expert Dr J. K. Sinha provides demonstrative explanations and helpful clarifications using simple illustrative examples from scientific casework and everyday life. The goals are to

Prove the scientific validity of the uniqueness of identifying features of firearms Identify the statistical threshold to qualify and determine a corresponding match Debunk the misconception of subjective methodology and the potential rate of error thereof in experts’ decision making and opinions Clarify the prevailing perception of similar, dissimilar and insufficient marks and consequential interpretation With certain non‑technical readers in mind as well, the book provides a basic understanding of the general make‑up of firearms and ammunition, the evidentiary values of commonly used firearms, fired empties, fired bullets and pellets, and scientific investigative leads that result from visual and physical evidence. Chapters cover related topics such as proficiency tests, identifying competent experts, admitted firing, and reliable and testable methodology. The book also reviews the admissibility of expert evidence in India and explains the proviso of admissibility of ballistic expert report in criminal trials. Throughout, the author emphasizes the need for requisite forensic knowledge by the investigator and aided by a competent expert for effective scientific investigation of gunfire crimes such as would aid in the proper presentation of scientific evidence at criminal trial for a successful outcome.

在过去两多几十年里，确立从回收的击发弹药中识别手枪的原则是否具有科学性一直是美国刑事审判中专家证据可接受性的核心问题。相关的问题集中在以下几个方面：手枪独特性的有效性、主观方法学、潜在错误率以及未知的统计确定性和不令人满意的测试成绩。这些问题实质上已经成为专家关于手枪与击发弹药关联意见可接受性的法律要求，这是一种通过犯罪工具将罪行与罪犯联系起来的重要刑事司法意见。 在《刑事法庭中的刑事犯罪：法律、调查和科学方面》一书中，国际知名的刑事犯罪学家J. K. Sinha博士使用来自科研案例及日常生活中的简单例子提供了具体解释和帮助澄清的方法。其目标包括： 证明手枪识别特征的科学有效性 确定用于鉴定关联的手枪与击发弹药匹配所需的基础统计标准 驳斥专家决策和意见中主观方法学谬误以及潜在错误率的概念 澄清相似、不相同及不足痕迹的普遍理解及其推论 本书还为某些非专业读者提供了关于手枪与子弹的一般构造、常用手枪的证据价值、击发空弹壳、击发子弹和飞镖的科学价值以及从视觉和物理证据中得出的科学调查线索的基本理解。书中涵盖的相关主题包括能力专家鉴定测试、识别合格专家的方法、承认击发及可靠可验证的方法。此外，本书还讨论了印度专家证据的可接受性，并解释了刑事审判中的弹道专家报告的可接受性规定。始终强调需要由调查人员以及受过良好训练的专家共同具备必要的犯罪学知识，以有效解决与诸如枪击等犯罪相关的科学案件。 总之，此书旨在提高读者对于手枪、子弹及其相关证据的价值的认知，并通过这些信息帮助他们更好地理解刑事法庭中的证据分析和解释。

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