肌肉/神经刺激在健康与疾病中的应用

English | PDF (True) | 2008 | 127 Pages | ISBN : 1402082320 | 2.7 MB

The first evidence that electrical changes can cause muscles to contract was p- vided by Galvani (1791). Galvani’s ideas about ‘animal electricity’ were explored during the 19th and 20th century when it was firmly established that ‘electricity’ is one of the most important mechanisms used for communication by the nervous system and muscle. These researches lead to the development of ever more soph- ticated equipment that could either record the electrical changes in nerves and muscles, or elicit functional changes by electrically stimulating these structures. It was indeed the combination of these two methods that elucidated many of the basic principles about the function of the nervous system. Following these exciting findings, it was discovered that electrical stimulation and the functions elicited by it also lead to long-term changes in the properties of nerves and particularly muscles. Recent findings help us to understand the mec- nisms by which activity induced by electrical stimulation can influence mature, fully differentiated cells, in particular muscles, blood vessels and nerves. Electrically elicited activity determines the properties of muscle fibres by activating a sequence of signalling pathways that change the gene expression of the muscle. Thus, elect- cal activity graduated from a simple mechanism that is used to elicit muscle c- traction, to a system that could induce permanent changes in muscles and modify most of its characteristic properties.

伽伐尼（1791年）提供的第一个证据是，电流变化可以导致肌肉收缩。在19世纪和20世纪期间，人们对“动物电”这一观点进行了探讨，当时已经确立了神经系统和肌肉通信中使用“电”这种机制的重要性。这些研究促进了越来越多的精密设备的发展，这些设备既可以记录神经和肌肉中的电变化，也可以通过电刺激来引起功能改变。确实，正是这两种方法的结合揭示了许多关于神经系统功能的基本原理。在这一令人兴奋的研究成果之后，人们发现通过电刺激引起的活动也会导致神经和特别是肌肉、血管和神经等成熟并充分分化细胞的长期属性改变。最近的研究帮助我们理解了由电刺激引发的活动如何影响成熟的完全分化细胞，尤其是肌肉、血管和神经。电刺激所引发的活动决定了肌肉纤维的特性，通过激活一系列信号传导途径来改变肌肉基因表达。因此，电活动从一个用来引起肌肉收缩的简单机制发展为能够引起肌肉永久性变化并显著改变其许多特征性属性的系统。

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