无法控制的敌人：美国国立癌症研究所的科学与政策创新

English | 360 pages | Columbia University Press (January 23, 2024) | 0231196695 | PDF | 9 Mb

In American politics, medical innovation is often considered the domain of the private sector. Yet some of the most significant scientific and health breakthroughs of the past century have emerged from government research institutes. The U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI) is tasked with both understanding and eradicating cancer―and its researchers have developed a surprising expertise in virus research and vaccine development.

An Ungovernable Foe examines seventy years of federally funded scientific breakthroughs in the laboratories of the NCI to shed new light on how bureaucratic organizations nurture innovation. Natalie B. Aviles analyzes research and policy efforts around the search for a viral cause of leukemia in the 1960s, the discovery of HIV and the development of AIDS drugs in the 1980s, and the invention of the HPV vaccine in the 1990s. She argues that the NCI transformed generations of researchers into innovative public servants who have learned to balance their scientific and bureaucratic missions. These “scientist-bureaucrats” are simultaneously committed to conducting cutting-edge research and stewarding the nation’s investment in cancer research, and as a result they have developed an unparalleled expertise. Aviles demonstrates how the interplay of science, politics, and administration shaped the NCI into a mission-oriented agency that enabled significant breakthroughs in cancer research―and in the process, she shows how organizational cultures indelibly stamp scientific work.

在美国的政治中，医疗创新往往被认为是私营部门的领地。然而，过去的一个世纪里，政府研究机构产生了许多最重要的科学研究和健康突破。美国国立癌症研究所（NCI）的任务是既要理解癌，又要消除癌；而它的研究人员在病毒研究和疫苗开发方面也展现出了令人惊讶的专业知识。 《无法管制的敌人》分析了国家癌症研究所70年联邦资助的科学突破实验室中的七十多年的历史，以揭示官僚机构如何培育创新。Natalie B. Aviles 深入研究1960年代在寻找白血病病毒原因的研究和政策努力、1980年代发现HIV以及艾滋病药物的研发工作、以及1990年代HPV疫苗的发明。她认为，国家癌症研究所把一代又一代的研究人员培养成了既致力于科学使命又善于处理官僚职责的创新公仆。这些“科学家-行政官”同时承诺进行尖端研究并管理对癌症研究的投资，并因此发展出了一种无可匹敌的专业知识。Aviles展示了科学、政治和行政之间的互动如何塑造了国家癌症研究所为癌症研究带来了重大突破——同时，她也展示了一个组织文化如何无与伦比地烙印在科学研究上。

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