工具与有机体：古希腊罗马医学中的技术与身体

English | 2023 | ISBN: 0226828778 | 337 pages | True PDF | 24.93 MB

The first book to show how the concept of bodily organs emerged and how ancient tools influenced conceptualizations of human anatomy and its operations.

Medicine is itself a type of technology, involving therapeutic tools and substances, and so one can write the history of medicine as the application of different technologies to the human body. InTools and the Organism, Colin Webster argues that, throughout antiquity, these tools were crucial to broader theoretical shifts. Notions changed about what type of object a body is, what substances constitute its essential nature, and how its parts interact. By following these changes and taking the question of technology into the heart of Greek and Roman medicine, Webster reveals how the body was first conceptualized as an "organism"—a functional object whose inner parts were tools, or organa, that each completed certain vital tasks. He also shows how different medical tools created different bodies.

Webster's approach provides both an overarching survey of the ways that technologies impacted notions of corporeality and corporeal behaviors and, at the same time, stays attentive to the specific material details of ancient tools and how they informed assumptions about somatic structures, substances, and inner processes. For example, by turning to developments in water-delivery technologies and pneumatic tools, we see how these changing material realities altered theories of the vascular system and respiration across Classical antiquity.Tools and the Organism makes the compelling case for why telling the history of ancient Greco-Roman medical theories, from the Hippocratics to Galen, should pay close attention to the question of technology.

《第一本书展示了身体器官的概念是如何出现的，以及古代工具如何影响人类解剖学及其运作的概念》 《医学本身就是一种技术，涉及治疗工具和物质，因此我们可以将医学史写成不同技术应用于人体的过程。在《工具与生物体》中，科林·韦斯特格（Colin Webster）认为，在整个古时代，这些工具对于更广泛的理论变化至关重要。关于身体是什么类型的物体、其基本性质由什么构成以及其部分如何相互作用的观念都发生了变化。通过跟踪这些变化，并将技术问题带入古希腊和罗马医学的核心，《工具与生物体》揭示了身体最初是如何被概念化为“生物体”的——一个功能性的对象，其内部部分是工具或器官，每个都能完成某些重要的任务。他同时也展示了不同的医疗工具塑造了不同的身体。 韦斯特格的方法提供了一个关于技术如何影响身体和物质行为的整体概述，并且同时保持对古代工具的具体材料细节的关注以及它们如何告知有关人体结构、物质和内部分析的假设。例如，通过转向供水技术和气动工具的发展，我们看到这些不断变化的实际状况在古典时代的血管系统理论和呼吸理论中产生了改变。 《工具与生物体》提出了一个令人信服的论点，即为什么讲述古代希腊罗马医学理论的历史，从希波克拉底到盖伦，应该对技术问题给予密切的关注。

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